Refugees
206,987refugees and others in need of protection hosted, 2025
11,007from it, abroad, 2025
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder2025
Country page · Updated 13 Nov 2026
Romania
Romania has 19 m people (World Bank, 2025) and an economy of $429 bn a year (World Bank, 2025). It imports all of its potash supply (FAOSTAT, 2024, estimated) and 67% of the oil it uses (EIA, 2024).
Written automatically from the figures on this page.
- Population
- 19 m (2025)
- Member of
- European Union, NATO (as of 10 Nov 2026)
Boundaries: Natural Earth 1:50m, which shows who controls an area in practice. Borders shown do not imply endorsement.
- GDPUS$429billion37th of 186World Bank · 2025
- Population19million67th of 216World Bank · 2025
- GDP per personUS$22,53853rd of 186World Bank · 2025
- Military, % GDP2.3% of GDP45th of 150World Bank · 2025
- CO2 per person3.6t98th of 213Global Carbon Budget · 2024
Dependencies at a glance
Romania imports all of its potash supply and 67% of the oil it uses; it exports wheat.
Imports mostImports someLow net tradeExporter
| Resource | Dependence | Position | Main partners |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oil | Imports most | Imports 67% of the oil it usesEIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Libya |
| Natural gas | Low net trade | Imports 0.7% of the gas it uses PreliminaryEIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025, Greece → Romania as reported by the exporter | Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece |
| Wheat | Exporter | Exports 70% of what it producesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023 | Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka (buyers) |
| Maize | Exporter | Exports 40% of what it producesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023 | South Korea, Netherlands, Italy (buyers) |
| Rice | Imports most | Imports 78% of the rice it usesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023 | Bulgaria, Myanmar, Italy |
| Soybeans | Exporter | Exports 28% of what it producesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023 | Austria, Hungary, Ukraine (buyers) |
| Potash | Imports most | Imports all of its potash supply EstimateFAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | Russia, Laos, Germany |
| Phosphate | Imports most | Imports 70% of its phosphate supply EstimateFAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | Bulgaria, Egypt, Türkiye |
| Arms | Supplier concentration only | Main supplier: United States, 48% of importsSIPRI, 2021–2025 | United States, Norway, Netherlands |
| Chips | Supplier concentration only | Main supplier: Germany, 49% of importsUN Comtrade, 2025 | Germany, Netherlands, Taiwan |
Dependence is net imports: imports minus exports, as a share of what the country uses; for potash and phosphate, of its supply (production plus net imports). Arms and chips show supplier concentration only: the main supplier’s share of imports (arms: five-year totals of deliveries in SIPRI’s trend-indicator value, SIPRI’s measure of military capability delivered, not price or number of weapons).
- OilImports most
Imports 67% of the oil it uses
Main partners: Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Libya
EIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- Natural gasLow net trade
Imports 0.7% of the gas it uses Preliminary
Main partners: Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece
EIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025, Greece → Romania as reported by the exporter
- WheatExporter
Exports 70% of what it produces
Main partners: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka (buyers)
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023
- MaizeExporter
Exports 40% of what it produces
Main partners: South Korea, Netherlands, Italy (buyers)
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023
- RiceImports most
Imports 78% of the rice it uses
Main partners: Bulgaria, Myanmar, Italy
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023
- SoybeansExporter
Exports 28% of what it produces
Main partners: Austria, Hungary, Ukraine (buyers)
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023
- PotashImports most
Imports all of its potash supply Estimate
Main partners: Russia, Laos, Germany
FAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- PhosphateImports most
Imports 70% of its phosphate supply Estimate
Main partners: Bulgaria, Egypt, Türkiye
FAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- ArmsSupplier concentration only
Main supplier: United States, 48% of imports
Main partners: United States, Norway, Netherlands
SIPRI, 2021–2025
- ChipsSupplier concentration only
Main supplier: Germany, 49% of imports
Main partners: Germany, Netherlands, Taiwan
UN Comtrade, 2025
Source: EIA; FAOSTAT; SIPRI; UN Comtradeyear in each rowUpdated 13 Nov 2026
Dependencies toolMoney and reserves
Romania’s economy produced $429 bn in 2025.
GDP, 2000–2025
Source: World Bank Indicators2000–2025Updated 13 Nov 2026
Economic growth0.7%2025 · 164th of 186 · World Bank
Inflation7.2%2025 · 29th of 169 · World Bank
Unemployment6.0%2025 · 70th of 181 · World Bank
ReservesUS$73.4billion2024 · 35th of 164 · World Bank
Trade77% of GDP2024 · 95th of 172 · World Bank
Foreign investment inUS$9.37billion2025 · 40th of 200 · World Bank
People
Romania had 19 m people in 2025.
Population, 1950–2100
Projection: UN projection, medium variant, after 2023Range between the UN low- and high-fertility scenarios
Source: UN World Population ProspectsUpdated 13 Nov 2026Projection
Romania’s population by age
1950200020502100
Source: UN World Population Prospects1950–2100Updated 13 Nov 2026Projection
Births per woman1.712023 · 138th of 237 · UN WPP 2024
Median age42.62023 · 35th of 237 · UN WPP 2024
Aged 65 and over20%2025, Projection, medium variant · UN WPP 2024
Technology and space
Satellites owned in Romania numbered 1 at the end of 2026.
Climate and hazards
Romania emitted 68.6 Mt of CO2 from fossil fuels and cement in 2024.
Romania’s CO2 emissions, million tonnes, 1990–2024
Source: Our World in Data CO21990–2024Updated 13 Nov 2026
CO2 emissions69Mt2024 · 50th of 214 · Global Carbon Budget
CO2 per person3.6t2024 · 98th of 213 · Global Carbon Budget
CO2 since 17508,862Mt2024 · 29th of 214 · Global Carbon Budget
Water stress1.22023 · 99th of 164 · WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0)
More figures
Shown only where a source covers Romania.
Sanctions
8entries on the US, EU and UK lists give it as an address or nationality: US 8
Counts entries (people, companies, ships and aircraft), not how strict the measures are.
Source: US CSL; EU sanctions list; UK Sanctions ListUpdated 13 Nov 2026
Chinese loans and grants
US$808millioncommitted by Chinese state lenders, 2000–2021
Source: AidData Chinese development finance2000–2021
Cyber incidents
11publicly known incidents affecting Romania, 2000–2024
Counts compare documented incidents, not how often a country is targeted. Who they were attributed to
Source: EuRepoC Global Dataset of Cyber Incidents 1.3.2 (4 Mar 2025), CC BY-NC 4.02000–2024
All figures
54 measures on this site have a recent figure for Romania.
| GDP | $429 bn | 2025 | 37th of 186 | World Bank |
| GDP per person | $22,538 | 2025 | 53rd of 186 | World Bank |
| Economic growth | 0.7% | 2025 | 164th of 186 | World Bank |
| Inflation | 7.2% | 2025 | 29th of 169 | World Bank |
| Government debt | 60% | 2025 | 73rd of 191 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Government budget balance | −7.6% | 2025 | 180th of 195 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Current account balance | −7.9% | 2025 | 165th of 194 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Unemployment | 6.0% | 2025 | 70th of 181 | World Bank |
| Reserves, including gold | $73 bn | 2024 | 35th of 164 | World Bank |
| Trade | 77% | 2024 | 95th of 172 | World Bank |
| Foreign investment in | $9.4 bn | 2025 | 40th of 200 | World Bank |
| Remittances received | 2.5% | 2024 | 75th of 162 | World Bank |
| Population | 19 m | 2025 | 67th of 216 | World Bank |
| Population with UN projections | 19 m | 2023 | 67th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Births per woman | 1.71 | 2023 | 138th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Median age | 42.6 | 2023 | 35th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Life expectancy | 75.9 | 2023 | 113th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Refugees from the country | 11,007 | 2025 | 80th of 206 | UNHCR |
| Refugees and others needing protection, by host | 206,987 | 2025 | 44th of 176 | UNHCR |
| Refugees hosted per 1,000 people | 10.9 | 2025 | 60th of 176 | UNHCR |
| Crude oil production | 52 kb/d | 2025 | 52nd of 214 | EIA |
| Oil consumption | 223 kb/d | 2024 | 55th of 212 | EIA |
| Natural gas production | Preliminary | 2024 | 45th of 213 | EIA |
| Natural gas consumption | 9.2 bcm | 2024 | 50th of 213 | EIA |
| Electricity generated | 53 TWh | 2024 | 53rd of 193 | Ember |
| Low-carbon electricity | 67% | 2024 | 57th of 193 | Ember |
| Electricity from coal | 15% | 2024 | 45th of 193 | Ember |
| Electricity from wind and solar | 19% | 2024 | 39th of 193 | Ember |
| Wheat production | 9.3 Mt | 2024 | 18th of 123 | FAOSTAT |
| Wheat imports | 1.0 Mt | 2024 | 46th of 180 | FAOSTAT |
| Maize production | 6.0 Mt | 2024 | 21st of 169 | FAOSTAT |
| Maize imports | 0.5 Mt | 2024 | 52nd of 196 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice production | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 96th of 135 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice imports | 0.1 Mt | 2024 | 102nd of 197 | FAOSTAT |
| Soybean production | 0.3 Mt | 2024 | 18th of 108 | FAOSTAT |
| Soybean imports | 0.1 Mt | 2024 | 44th of 179 | FAOSTAT |
| Potash fertiliser use | 0.08 Mt | 2024 | 42nd of 199 | FAOSTAT |
| Phosphate fertiliser use | 0.20 Mt | 2024 | 26th of 199 | FAOSTAT |
| CO2 emissions | 69 Mt | 2024 | 50th of 214 | Global Carbon Budget |
| CO2 per person | 3.6 t | 2024 | 98th of 213 | Global Carbon Budget |
| CO2 emitted since 1750 | 8,862 Mt | 2024 | 29th of 214 | Global Carbon Budget |
| Net CO2 imports through trade | 15% | 2023 | 73rd of 120 | Global Carbon Budget |
| Water stress | 1.2 | 2023 | 99th of 164 | WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0) |
| Water from abroad | 80% | 2023 | 15th of 193 | FAO AQUASTAT |
| Military spending, share of GDP | 2.3% | 2025 | 45th of 150 | World Bank |
| Military spending | $9.7 bn | 2025 | 32nd of 150 | World Bank |
| Arms imports | 420 TIV m | 2025 | 26th of 108 | SIPRI |
| Arms exports | 132 TIV m | 2025 | 19th of 44 | SIPRI |
| Satellites in orbit | 1 | 2026 | 64th of 81 | Orbital data from CelesTrak |
| People using the internet | 91% | 2024 | 48th of 182 | World Bank |
| ICT service exports | $11 bn | 2024 | 21st of 162 | World Bank |
| ICT service exports, share of service exports | 26% | 2024 | 17th of 162 | World Bank |
| Sanctions list entries (US, EU, UK) | 8 | 2026 | 119th of 181 | US CSL |
| Chinese loans and grants committed | $146 m | 2020 | 37th of 130 | AidData, Global Chinese Development Finance Dataset 3.0 |
Sources for this page
- World Bank IndicatorsGDP, GDP per person, Economic growth, Inflation, Unemployment, Reserves, …
- IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026Debt, Budget balance, Current account
- UN World Population ProspectsPopulation (UN), Births per woman, Median age, Life expectancy
- UNHCR Refugee Data FinderRefugees from, Refugees hosted, Refugees per 1,000
- U.S. Energy Information AdministrationOil output, Oil use, Gas output, Gas use, Dependencies at a glance
- Ember electricity dataElectricity, Low-carbon electricity, Electricity from coal, Electricity from wind and solar
- FAOSTATWheat production, Wheat imports, Maize production, Maize imports, Rice production, Rice imports, …
- Our World in Data CO2CO2 emissions, CO2 per person, CO2 since 1750, Net CO2 imports through trade
- WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0)Water stress
- FAO AQUASTATWater from abroad
- SIPRI Arms Transfers DatabaseArms imports, Arms exports, Dependencies at a glance
- CelesTrak SATCATSatellites in orbit
- US Consolidated Screening ListSanctions list entries, Sanctions
- AidData Chinese development financeChinese loans and grants
- UN ComtradeDependencies at a glance
- EU financial sanctions listSanctions
- UK Sanctions ListSanctions
- EuRepoC cyber incidentsCyber incidents
Page last updated 13 Nov 2026How we measure