Refugees
52,931refugees and others in need of protection hosted, 2025
10,755from it, abroad, 2025
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder2025
Country page · Updated 13 Nov 2026
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan has 21 m people (World Bank, 2025) and an economy of $306 bn a year (World Bank, 2025).
Written automatically from the figures on this page.
- Population
- 21 m (2025)
- Member of
- OPEC+, SCO, CSTO, Eurasian Economic Union, CIS (as of 10 Nov 2026)
Boundaries: Natural Earth 1:50m, which shows who controls an area in practice. Borders shown do not imply endorsement.
- GDPUS$306billion48th of 186World Bank · 2025
- Population21million64th of 216World Bank · 2025
- GDP per personUS$14,69268th of 186World Bank · 2025
- Military, % GDP0.4% of GDP142nd of 150World Bank · 2025
- CO2 per person13.9t13th of 213Global Carbon Budget · 2024
Dependencies at a glance
Kazakhstan exports oil.
Imports mostImports someLow net tradeExporter
| Resource | Dependence | Position | Main partners |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oil | Exporter | Exports 78% of what it producesEIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025 | Netherlands, Germany, France (buyers) |
| Natural gas | Exporter | Exports 14% of what it produces PreliminaryEIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025, Kazakhstan → Russia and Kazakhstan → China as reported by the exporter | Russia, China, Bulgaria (buyers) |
| Wheat | Exporter | Exports 23% of what it producesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023 | Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Italy (buyers) |
| Maize | Exporter | Exports 19% of what it producesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023 | Tajikistan, Uzbekistan (buyers) |
| Rice | Exporter | Exports 24% of what it producesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023 | Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan (buyers) |
| Soybeans | Low net trade | Imports 13% of the soybeans it usesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023 | Russia |
| Potash | Exporter | Exports exceed recorded supply EstimateGoods passing through, or changes in stocks, can cause this; FAOSTAT’s figures do not show whichFAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025 | Poland, Italy, Slovakia (buyers) |
| Phosphate | Exporter | Exports 51% of what it produces EstimateFAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025 | Serbia, Brazil, United States (buyers) |
| Arms | Supplier concentration only | Main supplier: Russia, 83% of importsSIPRI, 2021–2025 | Russia, Spain, France |
| Chips | Supplier concentration only | Main supplier: China, 38% of importsUN Comtrade, 2025 | China, Vietnam, Netherlands |
Dependence is net imports: imports minus exports, as a share of what the country uses; for potash and phosphate, of its supply (production plus net imports). Arms and chips show supplier concentration only: the main supplier’s share of imports (arms: five-year totals of deliveries in SIPRI’s trend-indicator value, SIPRI’s measure of military capability delivered, not price or number of weapons).
- OilExporter
Exports 78% of what it produces
Main partners: Netherlands, Germany, France (buyers)
EIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025
- Natural gasExporter
Exports 14% of what it produces Preliminary
Main partners: Russia, China, Bulgaria (buyers)
EIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025, Kazakhstan → Russia and Kazakhstan → China as reported by the exporter
- WheatExporter
Exports 23% of what it produces
Main partners: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Italy (buyers)
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023
- MaizeExporter
Exports 19% of what it produces
Main partners: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan (buyers)
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023
- RiceExporter
Exports 24% of what it produces
Main partners: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan (buyers)
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023
- SoybeansLow net trade
Imports 13% of the soybeans it uses
Main partners: Russia
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023
- PotashExporter
Exports exceed recorded supply Estimate
Goods passing through, or changes in stocks, can cause this; FAOSTAT’s figures do not show which
Main partners: Poland, Italy, Slovakia (buyers)
FAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025
- PhosphateExporter
Exports 51% of what it produces Estimate
Main partners: Serbia, Brazil, United States (buyers)
FAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025
- ArmsSupplier concentration only
Main supplier: Russia, 83% of imports
Main partners: Russia, Spain, France
SIPRI, 2021–2025
- ChipsSupplier concentration only
Main supplier: China, 38% of imports
Main partners: China, Vietnam, Netherlands
UN Comtrade, 2025
Source: EIA; FAOSTAT; SIPRI; UN Comtradeyear in each rowUpdated 13 Nov 2026
Dependencies toolMoney and reserves
Kazakhstan’s economy produced $306 bn in 2025.
GDP, 2000–2025
Source: World Bank Indicators2000–2025Updated 13 Nov 2026
Economic growth6.5%2025 · 22nd of 186 · World Bank
Inflation11.4%2025 · 15th of 169 · World Bank
Unemployment4.8%2025 · 101st of 181 · World Bank
ReservesUS$45.8billion2024 · 43rd of 164 · World Bank
Trade57% of GDP2024 · 122nd of 172 · World Bank
Foreign investment in−US$916million2025 · 191st of 200 · World Bank
People
Kazakhstan had 21 m people in 2025.
Population, 1950–2100
Projection: UN projection, medium variant, after 2023Range between the UN low- and high-fertility scenarios
Source: UN World Population ProspectsUpdated 13 Nov 2026Projection
Kazakhstan’s population by age
1950200020502100
Source: UN World Population Prospects1950–2100Updated 13 Nov 2026Projection
Births per woman3.012023 · 59th of 237 · UN WPP 2024
Median age29.52023 · 132nd of 237 · UN WPP 2024
Aged 65 and over9%2025, Projection, medium variant · UN WPP 2024
Technology and space
Satellites owned in Kazakhstan numbered 7 at the end of 2026.
Climate and hazards
Kazakhstan emitted 287 Mt of CO2 from fossil fuels and cement in 2024.
Kazakhstan’s CO2 emissions, million tonnes, 1990–2024
Source: Our World in Data CO21990–2024Updated 13 Nov 2026
CO2 emissions287Mt2024 · 21st of 214 · Global Carbon Budget
CO2 per person13.9t2024 · 13th of 213 · Global Carbon Budget
CO2 since 175014,937Mt2024 · 22nd of 214 · Global Carbon Budget
Water stress2.52023 · 58th of 164 · WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0)
More figures
Shown only where a source covers Kazakhstan.
Sanctions
21entries on the US, EU and UK lists give it as an address or nationality: US 11, EU 2 and UK 8
Counts entries (people, companies, ships and aircraft), not how strict the measures are.
Source: US CSL; EU sanctions list; UK Sanctions ListUpdated 13 Nov 2026
Chinese loans and grants
US$64.1billioncommitted by Chinese state lenders, 2000–2021
Source: AidData Chinese development finance2000–2021
Cyber incidents
14publicly known incidents affecting Kazakhstan, 2000–2024
Counts compare documented incidents, not how often a country is targeted. Who they were attributed to
Source: EuRepoC Global Dataset of Cyber Incidents 1.3.2 (4 Mar 2025), CC BY-NC 4.02000–2024
All figures
53 measures on this site have a recent figure for Kazakhstan.
| GDP | $306 bn | 2025 | 48th of 186 | World Bank |
| GDP per person | $14,692 | 2025 | 68th of 186 | World Bank |
| Economic growth | 6.5% | 2025 | 22nd of 186 | World Bank |
| Inflation | 11.4% | 2025 | 15th of 169 | World Bank |
| Government debt | Estimate | 2025 | 168th of 191 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Government budget balance | Estimate | 2025 | 114th of 195 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Current account balance | Estimate | 2025 | 133rd of 194 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Unemployment | 4.8% | 2025 | 101st of 181 | World Bank |
| Reserves, including gold | $46 bn | 2024 | 43rd of 164 | World Bank |
| Trade | 57% | 2024 | 122nd of 172 | World Bank |
| Foreign investment in | −$916 m | 2025 | 191st of 200 | World Bank |
| Remittances received | 0.1% | 2024 | 150th of 162 | World Bank |
| Population | 21 m | 2025 | 64th of 216 | World Bank |
| Population with UN projections | 20 m | 2023 | 64th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Births per woman | 3.01 | 2023 | 59th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Median age | 29.5 | 2023 | 132nd of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Life expectancy | 74.4 | 2023 | 131st of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Refugees from the country | 10,755 | 2025 | 81st of 206 | UNHCR |
| Refugees and others needing protection, by host | 52,931 | 2025 | 79th of 176 | UNHCR |
| Refugees hosted per 1,000 people | 2.5 | 2025 | 96th of 176 | UNHCR |
| Crude oil production | 2,047 kb/d | 2025 | 11th of 214 | EIA |
| Oil consumption | 412 kb/d | 2024 | 38th of 212 | EIA |
| Natural gas production | Preliminary | 2024 | 24th of 213 | EIA |
| Natural gas consumption | 25.0 bcm | 2024 | 36th of 213 | EIA |
| Electricity generated | 119 TWh | 2024 | 35th of 193 | Ember |
| Low-carbon electricity | 15% | 2024 | 141st of 193 | Ember |
| Electricity from coal | 58% | 2024 | 12th of 193 | Ember |
| Electricity from wind and solar | 5.3% | 2024 | 102nd of 193 | Ember |
| Wheat production | 18.6 Mt | 2024 | 11th of 123 | FAOSTAT |
| Wheat imports | 1.7 Mt | 2024 | 34th of 180 | FAOSTAT |
| Maize production | 1.0 Mt | 2024 | 60th of 169 | FAOSTAT |
| Maize imports | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 128th of 196 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice production | 0.3 Mt | 2024 | 49th of 135 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice imports | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 134th of 197 | FAOSTAT |
| Soybean production | 0.2 Mt | 2024 | 30th of 108 | FAOSTAT |
| Soybean imports | 0.1 Mt | 2024 | 54th of 179 | FAOSTAT |
| Potash fertiliser use | 0.00 Mt | 2024 | 122nd of 199 | FAOSTAT |
| Phosphate fertiliser use | 0.04 Mt | 2024 | 58th of 199 | FAOSTAT |
| CO2 emissions | 287 Mt | 2024 | 21st of 214 | Global Carbon Budget |
| CO2 per person | 13.9 t | 2024 | 13th of 213 | Global Carbon Budget |
| CO2 emitted since 1750 | 14,937 Mt | 2024 | 22nd of 214 | Global Carbon Budget |
| Net CO2 imports through trade | −26% | 2023 | 114th of 120 | Global Carbon Budget |
| Water stress | 2.5 | 2023 | 58th of 164 | WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0) |
| Water from abroad | 41% | 2023 | 49th of 193 | FAO AQUASTAT |
| Military spending, share of GDP | 0.4% | 2025 | 142nd of 150 | World Bank |
| Military spending | $1.3 bn | 2025 | 75th of 150 | World Bank |
| Arms imports | 17 TIV m | 2025 | 76th of 108 | SIPRI |
| Satellites in orbit | 7 | 2026 | 41st of 81 | Orbital data from CelesTrak |
| People using the internet | 93% | 2024 | 41st of 182 | World Bank |
| ICT service exports | $1.0 bn | 2024 | 64th of 162 | World Bank |
| ICT service exports, share of service exports | 8.4% | 2024 | 70th of 162 | World Bank |
| Sanctions list entries (US, EU, UK) | 21 | 2026 | 88th of 181 | US CSL |
| Chinese loans and grants committed | $637 m | 2021 | 18th of 122 | AidData, Global Chinese Development Finance Dataset 3.0 |
Sources for this page
- World Bank IndicatorsGDP, GDP per person, Economic growth, Inflation, Unemployment, Reserves, …
- IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026Debt, Budget balance, Current account
- UN World Population ProspectsPopulation (UN), Births per woman, Median age, Life expectancy
- UNHCR Refugee Data FinderRefugees from, Refugees hosted, Refugees per 1,000
- U.S. Energy Information AdministrationOil output, Oil use, Gas output, Gas use, Dependencies at a glance
- Ember electricity dataElectricity, Low-carbon electricity, Electricity from coal, Electricity from wind and solar
- FAOSTATWheat production, Wheat imports, Maize production, Maize imports, Rice production, Rice imports, …
- Our World in Data CO2CO2 emissions, CO2 per person, CO2 since 1750, Net CO2 imports through trade
- WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0)Water stress
- FAO AQUASTATWater from abroad
- SIPRI Arms Transfers DatabaseArms imports, Dependencies at a glance
- CelesTrak SATCATSatellites in orbit
- US Consolidated Screening ListSanctions list entries, Sanctions
- AidData Chinese development financeChinese loans and grants
- UN ComtradeDependencies at a glance
- EU financial sanctions listSanctions
- UK Sanctions ListSanctions
- EuRepoC cyber incidentsCyber incidents
Page last updated 13 Nov 2026How we measure