Refugees
1.0 mrefugees and others in need of protection hosted, 2025
1,775from it, abroad, 2025
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder2025
Country page · Updated 13 Nov 2026
Poland
Poland has 36 m people (World Bank, 2025) and an economy of $1.04 tn a year (World Bank, 2025). It imports all of the rice it uses (FAOSTAT, 2024) and 94% of the oil it uses (EIA, 2025, preliminary).
Written automatically from the figures on this page.
- Population
- 36 m (2025)
- Member of
- European Union, NATO, OECD (as of 10 Nov 2026)
Boundaries: Natural Earth 1:50m, which shows who controls an area in practice. Borders shown do not imply endorsement.
- GDPUS$1.04trillion21st of 186World Bank · 2025
- Population36million44th of 216World Bank · 2025
- GDP per personUS$28,42044th of 186World Bank · 2025
- Military, % GDP4.5% of GDP11th of 150World Bank · 2025
- CO2 per person7.1t40th of 213Global Carbon Budget · 2024
Dependencies at a glance
Poland imports all of the rice it uses and 94% of the oil it uses; it exports wheat.
Imports mostImports someLow net tradeExporter
| Resource | Dependence | Position | Main partners |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oil | Imports most | Imports 94% of the oil it uses PreliminaryEIA, use 2025 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | Saudi Arabia, Norway, Guyana |
| Natural gas | Imports most | Imports 77% of the gas it uses PreliminaryEIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025, United States → Poland, Trinidad and Tobago → Poland and Mauritania → Poland as reported by the exporter | United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Mauritania |
| Wheat | Exporter | Exports 37% of what it producesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023 | Germany, South Africa, Morocco (buyers) |
| Maize | Exporter | Exports 34% of what it producesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023 | Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom (buyers) |
| Rice | Imports most | Imports all of the rice it usesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023 | Myanmar, Italy, Cambodia |
| Soybeans | Imports some | Imports 22% of the soybeans it usesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023 | Ukraine |
| Potash | Imports most | Imports 69% of its potash supply EstimateFAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | Germany, Russia, Canada |
| Phosphate | Imports some | Imports 44% of its phosphate supply EstimateFAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | Morocco, Lithuania, Russia |
| Arms | Supplier concentration only | Main supplier: South Korea, 47% of importsSIPRI, 2021–2025 | South Korea, United States, Italy |
| Chips | Supplier concentration only | Main supplier: Netherlands, 31% of importsUN Comtrade, 2025 | Netherlands, China, Taiwan |
Dependence is net imports: imports minus exports, as a share of what the country uses; for potash and phosphate, of its supply (production plus net imports). Arms and chips show supplier concentration only: the main supplier’s share of imports (arms: five-year totals of deliveries in SIPRI’s trend-indicator value, SIPRI’s measure of military capability delivered, not price or number of weapons).
- OilImports most
Imports 94% of the oil it uses Preliminary
Main partners: Saudi Arabia, Norway, Guyana
EIA, use 2025 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- Natural gasImports most
Imports 77% of the gas it uses Preliminary
Main partners: United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Mauritania
EIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025, United States → Poland, Trinidad and Tobago → Poland and Mauritania → Poland as reported by the exporter
- WheatExporter
Exports 37% of what it produces
Main partners: Germany, South Africa, Morocco (buyers)
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023
- MaizeExporter
Exports 34% of what it produces
Main partners: Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom (buyers)
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023
- RiceImports most
Imports all of the rice it uses
Main partners: Myanmar, Italy, Cambodia
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023
- SoybeansImports some
Imports 22% of the soybeans it uses
Main partners: Ukraine
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023
- PotashImports most
Imports 69% of its potash supply Estimate
Main partners: Germany, Russia, Canada
FAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- PhosphateImports some
Imports 44% of its phosphate supply Estimate
Main partners: Morocco, Lithuania, Russia
FAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- ArmsSupplier concentration only
Main supplier: South Korea, 47% of imports
Main partners: South Korea, United States, Italy
SIPRI, 2021–2025
- ChipsSupplier concentration only
Main supplier: Netherlands, 31% of imports
Main partners: Netherlands, China, Taiwan
UN Comtrade, 2025
Source: EIA; FAOSTAT; SIPRI; UN Comtradeyear in each rowUpdated 13 Nov 2026
Dependencies toolMoney and reserves
Poland’s economy produced $1.04 tn in 2025.
GDP, 2000–2025
Source: World Bank Indicators2000–2025Updated 13 Nov 2026
Economic growth3.6%2025 · 86th of 186 · World Bank
Inflation3.8%2025 · 61st of 169 · World Bank
Unemployment3.0%2025 · 143rd of 181 · World Bank
ReservesUS$223billion2024 · 17th of 164 · World Bank
Trade100% of GDP2024 · 59th of 172 · World Bank
Foreign investment inUS$20.9billion2025 · 24th of 200 · World Bank
People
Poland had 36 m people in 2025.
Population, 1950–2100
Projection: UN projection, medium variant, after 2023Range between the UN low- and high-fertility scenarios
Source: UN World Population ProspectsUpdated 13 Nov 2026Projection
Poland’s population by age
1950200020502100
Source: UN World Population Prospects1950–2100Updated 13 Nov 2026Projection
Births per woman1.302023 · 211th of 237 · UN WPP 2024
Median age41.32023 · 47th of 237 · UN WPP 2024
Aged 65 and over21%2025, Projection, medium variant · UN WPP 2024
Technology and space
Satellites owned in Poland numbered 16 at the end of 2026.
AI compute share0.1%2025 · 25th of 36 · Epoch AI
Notable AI models22017 · Epoch AI
Climate and hazards
Poland emitted 273 Mt of CO2 from fossil fuels and cement in 2024.
Poland’s CO2 emissions, million tonnes, 1990–2024
Source: Our World in Data CO21990–2024Updated 13 Nov 2026
CO2 emissions273Mt2024 · 22nd of 214 · Global Carbon Budget
CO2 per person7.1t2024 · 40th of 213 · Global Carbon Budget
CO2 since 175029,044Mt2024 · 11th of 214 · Global Carbon Budget
Water stress1.72023 · 83rd of 164 · WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0)
More figures
Shown only where a source covers Poland.
Sanctions
10entries on the US, EU and UK lists give it as an address or nationality: US 9 and UK 1
Counts entries (people, companies, ships and aircraft), not how strict the measures are.
Source: US CSL; EU sanctions list; UK Sanctions ListUpdated 13 Nov 2026
Cyber incidents
33publicly known incidents affecting Poland, 2000–2024
Counts compare documented incidents, not how often a country is targeted. Who they were attributed to
Source: EuRepoC Global Dataset of Cyber Incidents 1.3.2 (4 Mar 2025), CC BY-NC 4.02000–2024
All figures
54 measures on this site have a recent figure for Poland.
| GDP | $1.04 tn | 2025 | 21st of 186 | World Bank |
| GDP per person | $28,420 | 2025 | 44th of 186 | World Bank |
| Economic growth | 3.6% | 2025 | 86th of 186 | World Bank |
| Inflation | 3.8% | 2025 | 61st of 169 | World Bank |
| Government debt | 60% | 2025 | 77th of 191 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Government budget balance | −7.3% | 2025 | 177th of 195 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Current account balance | −1.0% | 2025 | 92nd of 194 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Unemployment | 3.0% | 2025 | 143rd of 181 | World Bank |
| Reserves, including gold | $223 bn | 2024 | 17th of 164 | World Bank |
| Trade | 100% | 2024 | 59th of 172 | World Bank |
| Foreign investment in | $21 bn | 2025 | 24th of 200 | World Bank |
| Remittances received | 0.9% | 2024 | 109th of 162 | World Bank |
| Population | 36 m | 2025 | 44th of 216 | World Bank |
| Population with UN projections | 39 m | 2023 | 39th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Births per woman | 1.30 | 2023 | 211th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Median age | 41.3 | 2023 | 47th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Life expectancy | 78.6 | 2023 | 69th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Refugees from the country | 1,775 | 2025 | 115th of 206 | UNHCR |
| Refugees and others needing protection, by host | 1.0 m | 2025 | 13th of 176 | UNHCR |
| Refugees hosted per 1,000 people | 27.6 | 2025 | 25th of 176 | UNHCR |
| Crude oil production | 17 kb/d | 2025 | 67th of 214 | EIA |
| Oil consumption | 736 kb/d | 2024 | 28th of 212 | EIA |
| Natural gas production | Preliminary | 2024 | 49th of 213 | EIA |
| Natural gas consumption | 22.2 bcm | 2024 | 37th of 213 | EIA |
| Electricity generated | 172 TWh | 2024 | 28th of 193 | Ember |
| Low-carbon electricity | 31% | 2024 | 105th of 193 | Ember |
| Electricity from coal | 54% | 2024 | 14th of 193 | Ember |
| Electricity from wind and solar | 25% | 2024 | 25th of 193 | Ember |
| Wheat production | 12.2 Mt | 2024 | 15th of 123 | FAOSTAT |
| Wheat imports | 0.6 Mt | 2024 | 61st of 180 | FAOSTAT |
| Maize production | 9.2 Mt | 2024 | 16th of 169 | FAOSTAT |
| Maize imports | 0.2 Mt | 2024 | 74th of 196 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice production | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 116th of 135 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice imports | 0.2 Mt | 2024 | 66th of 197 | FAOSTAT |
| Soybean production | 0.1 Mt | 2024 | 43rd of 108 | FAOSTAT |
| Soybean imports | 0.2 Mt | 2024 | 42nd of 179 | FAOSTAT |
| Potash fertiliser use | 0.38 Mt | 2024 | 16th of 199 | FAOSTAT |
| Phosphate fertiliser use | 0.21 Mt | 2024 | 24th of 199 | FAOSTAT |
| CO2 emissions | 273 Mt | 2024 | 22nd of 214 | Global Carbon Budget |
| CO2 per person | 7.1 t | 2024 | 40th of 213 | Global Carbon Budget |
| CO2 emitted since 1750 | 29,044 Mt | 2024 | 11th of 214 | Global Carbon Budget |
| Net CO2 imports through trade | −3.3% | 2023 | 99th of 120 | Global Carbon Budget |
| Water stress | 1.7 | 2023 | 83rd of 164 | WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0) |
| Water from abroad | 11% | 2023 | 84th of 193 | FAO AQUASTAT |
| Military spending, share of GDP | 4.5% | 2025 | 11th of 150 | World Bank |
| Military spending | $47 bn | 2025 | 14th of 150 | World Bank |
| Arms imports | 2,171 TIV m | 2025 | 4th of 108 | SIPRI |
| Arms exports | 60 TIV m | 2025 | 30th of 44 | SIPRI |
| Satellites in orbit | 16 | 2026 | 27th of 81 | Orbital data from CelesTrak |
| Share of documented AI supercomputer power | 0.1% | 2025 | 25th of 36 | Epoch AI |
| People using the internet | 89% | 2024 | 66th of 182 | World Bank |
| ICT service exports | $20 bn | 2024 | 16th of 162 | World Bank |
| ICT service exports, share of service exports | 17% | 2024 | 30th of 162 | World Bank |
| Sanctions list entries (US, EU, UK) | 10 | 2026 | 111th of 181 | US CSL |
Sources for this page
- World Bank IndicatorsGDP, GDP per person, Economic growth, Inflation, Unemployment, Reserves, …
- IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026Debt, Budget balance, Current account
- UN World Population ProspectsPopulation (UN), Births per woman, Median age, Life expectancy
- UNHCR Refugee Data FinderRefugees from, Refugees hosted, Refugees per 1,000
- U.S. Energy Information AdministrationOil output, Oil use, Gas output, Gas use, Dependencies at a glance
- Ember electricity dataElectricity, Low-carbon electricity, Electricity from coal, Electricity from wind and solar
- FAOSTATWheat production, Wheat imports, Maize production, Maize imports, Rice production, Rice imports, …
- Our World in Data CO2CO2 emissions, CO2 per person, CO2 since 1750, Net CO2 imports through trade
- WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0)Water stress
- FAO AQUASTATWater from abroad
- SIPRI Arms Transfers DatabaseArms imports, Arms exports, Dependencies at a glance
- CelesTrak SATCATSatellites in orbit
- Epoch AIAI compute share
- US Consolidated Screening ListSanctions list entries, Sanctions
- UN ComtradeDependencies at a glance
- EU financial sanctions listSanctions
- UK Sanctions ListSanctions
- EuRepoC cyber incidentsCyber incidents
Page last updated 13 Nov 2026How we measure