Refugees
4,355refugees and others in need of protection hosted, 2025
2,753from it, abroad, 2025
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder2025
Country page · Updated 13 Nov 2026
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has 37 m people (World Bank, 2025) and an economy of $1.28 tn a year (World Bank, 2025). It imports all of its potash supply (FAOSTAT, 2024, estimated).
Written automatically from the figures on this page.
- Population
- 37 m (2025)
Boundaries: Natural Earth 1:50m, which shows who controls an area in practice. Borders shown do not imply endorsement.
- GDPUS$1.28trillion19th of 186World Bank · 2025
- Population37million43rd of 216World Bank · 2025
- GDP per personUS$34,53734th of 186World Bank · 2025
- Military, % GDP6.5% of GDP5th of 150World Bank · 2025
- CO2 per person20.4t6th of 213Global Carbon Budget · 2024
Dependencies at a glance
Saudi Arabia imports all of its potash supply; it exports oil.
Imports mostImports someLow net tradeExporter
| Resource | Dependence | Position | Main partners |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oil | Exporter | Exports 66% of what it producesEIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025 | China, South Korea, Japan (buyers) |
| Natural gas | Low net trade | Imports 0% of the gas it uses PreliminaryEIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | China, India, United States |
| Wheat | Imports most | Imports 80% of the wheat it uses EstimateFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023 | Russia, Romania, Brazil |
| Maize | Imports most | Imports 99% of the maize it uses EstimateFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023 | Brazil, Argentina, United States |
| Rice | Imports most | Imports all of the rice it uses EstimateFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023 | India, Pakistan, United States |
| Soybeans | Not reported by this source | – | |
| Potash | Imports most | Imports all of its potash supply EstimateFAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | Jordan, Belgium, Germany |
| Phosphate | Exporter | Exports exceed recorded supply EstimateGoods passing through, or changes in stocks, can cause this; FAOSTAT’s figures do not show whichFAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025 | India, Brazil, United States (buyers) |
| Arms | Supplier concentration only | Main supplier: United States, 77% of importsSIPRI, 2021–2025 | United States, Spain, France |
| Chips | Supplier concentration only | Main supplier: China, 35% of importsUN Comtrade, 2025 | China, Taiwan, United States |
Dependence is net imports: imports minus exports, as a share of what the country uses; for potash and phosphate, of its supply (production plus net imports). Arms and chips show supplier concentration only: the main supplier’s share of imports (arms: five-year totals of deliveries in SIPRI’s trend-indicator value, SIPRI’s measure of military capability delivered, not price or number of weapons).
- OilExporter
Exports 66% of what it produces
Main partners: China, South Korea, Japan (buyers)
EIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025
- Natural gasLow net trade
Imports 0% of the gas it uses Preliminary
Main partners: China, India, United States
EIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- WheatImports most
Imports 80% of the wheat it uses Estimate
Main partners: Russia, Romania, Brazil
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023
- MaizeImports most
Imports 99% of the maize it uses Estimate
Main partners: Brazil, Argentina, United States
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023
- RiceImports most
Imports all of the rice it uses Estimate
Main partners: India, Pakistan, United States
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023
- Soybeans
Not reported by this source
- PotashImports most
Imports all of its potash supply Estimate
Main partners: Jordan, Belgium, Germany
FAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- PhosphateExporter
Exports exceed recorded supply Estimate
Goods passing through, or changes in stocks, can cause this; FAOSTAT’s figures do not show which
Main partners: India, Brazil, United States (buyers)
FAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, exports 2025
- ArmsSupplier concentration only
Main supplier: United States, 77% of imports
Main partners: United States, Spain, France
SIPRI, 2021–2025
- ChipsSupplier concentration only
Main supplier: China, 35% of imports
Main partners: China, Taiwan, United States
UN Comtrade, 2025
Source: EIA; FAOSTAT; SIPRI; UN Comtradeyear in each rowUpdated 13 Nov 2026
Dependencies toolMoney and reserves
Saudi Arabia’s economy produced $1.28 tn in 2025.
GDP, 2000–2025
Source: World Bank Indicators2000–2025Updated 13 Nov 2026
Economic growth4.5%2025 · 56th of 186 · World Bank
Inflation2.0%2025 · 113th of 169 · World Bank
Unemployment3.0%2025 · 141st of 181 · World Bank
ReservesUS$464billion2024 · 7th of 164 · World Bank
Trade56% of GDP2024 · 123rd of 172 · World Bank
Foreign investment inUS$32.6billion2025 · 18th of 200 · World Bank
US Treasury securities held
US Treasury securities heldUS$141bn2026-08; US$133bn a year earlier
Source: US Treasury TIC2026-08Updated 13 Nov 2026
People
Saudi Arabia had 37 m people in 2025.
Population, 1950–2100
Projection: UN projection, medium variant, after 2023Range between the UN low- and high-fertility scenarios
Source: UN World Population ProspectsUpdated 13 Nov 2026Projection
Saudi Arabia’s population by age
1950200020502100
Source: UN World Population Prospects1950–2100Updated 13 Nov 2026Projection
Births per woman2.282023 · 92nd of 237 · UN WPP 2024
Median age29.22023 · 136th of 237 · UN WPP 2024
Aged 65 and over3.1%2025, Projection, medium variant · UN WPP 2024
Technology and space
Satellites owned in Saudi Arabia numbered 18 at the end of 2026.
AI compute share0.5%2025 · 9th of 36 · Epoch AI
Notable AI models22024 · Epoch AI
Climate and hazards
Saudi Arabia emitted 692 Mt of CO2 from fossil fuels and cement in 2024.
Saudi Arabia’s CO2 emissions, million tonnes, 1990–2024
Source: Our World in Data CO21990–2024Updated 13 Nov 2026
CO2 emissions692Mt2024 · 8th of 214 · Global Carbon Budget
CO2 per person20.4t2024 · 6th of 213 · Global Carbon Budget
CO2 since 175019,020Mt2024 · 18th of 214 · Global Carbon Budget
Water stress5.02023 · 8th of 164 · WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0)
More figures
Shown only where a source covers Saudi Arabia.
Sanctions
94entries on the US, EU and UK lists give it as an address or nationality: US 55, EU 12 and UK 27
Counts entries (people, companies, ships and aircraft), not how strict the measures are.
Source: US CSL; EU sanctions list; UK Sanctions ListUpdated 13 Nov 2026
Cyber incidents
51publicly known incidents affecting Saudi Arabia, 2000–2024
Counts compare documented incidents, not how often a country is targeted. Who they were attributed to
Source: EuRepoC Global Dataset of Cyber Incidents 1.3.2 (4 Mar 2025), CC BY-NC 4.02000–2024
All figures
54 measures on this site have a recent figure for Saudi Arabia.
| GDP | $1.28 tn | 2025 | 19th of 186 | World Bank |
| GDP per person | $34,537 | 2025 | 34th of 186 | World Bank |
| Economic growth | 4.5% | 2025 | 56th of 186 | World Bank |
| Inflation | 2.0% | 2025 | 113th of 169 | World Bank |
| Government debt | 32% | 2025 | 151st of 191 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Government budget balance | −5.8% | 2025 | 165th of 195 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Current account balance | −2.6% | 2025 | 108th of 194 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Unemployment | 3.0% | 2025 | 141st of 181 | World Bank |
| Reserves, including gold | $464 bn | 2024 | 7th of 164 | World Bank |
| Trade | 56% | 2024 | 123rd of 172 | World Bank |
| Foreign investment in | $33 bn | 2025 | 18th of 200 | World Bank |
| Remittances received | 0.0% | 2024 | 160th of 162 | World Bank |
| Population | 37 m | 2025 | 43rd of 216 | World Bank |
| Population with UN projections | 33 m | 2023 | 48th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Births per woman | 2.28 | 2023 | 92nd of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Median age | 29.2 | 2023 | 136th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Life expectancy | 78.7 | 2023 | 68th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Refugees from the country | 2,753 | 2025 | 106th of 206 | UNHCR |
| Refugees and others needing protection, by host | 4,355 | 2025 | 127th of 176 | UNHCR |
| Refugees hosted per 1,000 people | 0.1 | 2025 | 145th of 176 | UNHCR |
| Crude oil production | 9,549 kb/d | 2025 | 3rd of 214 | EIA |
| Oil consumption | 3,695 kb/d | 2024 | 5th of 212 | EIA |
| Natural gas production | Preliminary | 2024 | 9th of 213 | EIA |
| Natural gas consumption | 123.4 bcm | 2024 | 6th of 213 | EIA |
| Electricity generated | 458 TWh | 2024 | 12th of 193 | Ember |
| Low-carbon electricity | 2.4% | 2024 | 176th of 193 | Ember |
| Electricity from coal | 0% | 2024 | 82nd of 193 | Ember |
| Electricity from wind and solar | 2.4% | 2024 | 130th of 193 | Ember |
| Wheat production | 0.8 Mt | 2024 | 55th of 123 | FAOSTAT |
| Wheat imports | 3.4 Mt | 2024 | 21st of 180 | FAOSTAT |
| Maize production | 0.1 Mt | 2024 | 110th of 169 | FAOSTAT |
| Maize imports | 4.7 Mt | 2024 | 14th of 196 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice production | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 107th of 135 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice imports | 1.8 Mt | 2024 | 4th of 197 | FAOSTAT |
| Soybean imports | 0.4 Mt | 2024 | 31st of 179 | FAOSTAT |
| Potash fertiliser use | 0.08 Mt | 2024 | 40th of 199 | FAOSTAT |
| Phosphate fertiliser use | 0.20 Mt | 2024 | 25th of 199 | FAOSTAT |
| CO2 emissions | 692 Mt | 2024 | 8th of 214 | Global Carbon Budget |
| CO2 per person | 20.4 t | 2024 | 6th of 213 | Global Carbon Budget |
| CO2 emitted since 1750 | 19,020 Mt | 2024 | 18th of 214 | Global Carbon Budget |
| Net CO2 imports through trade | −3.4% | 2023 | 100th of 120 | Global Carbon Budget |
| Water stress | 5.0 | 2023 | 8th of 164 | WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0) |
| Water from abroad | 0% | 2023 | 125th of 193 | FAO AQUASTAT |
| Military spending, share of GDP | 6.5% | 2025 | 5th of 150 | World Bank |
| Military spending | $83 bn | 2025 | 8th of 150 | World Bank |
| Deaths in organised violence | 5 | 2025 | 53rd of 61 | UCDP |
| Arms imports | 3,043 TIV m | 2025 | 1st of 108 | SIPRI |
| Arms exports | 3 TIV m | 2023 | 51st of 54 | SIPRI |
| Satellites in orbit | 18 | 2026 | 26th of 81 | Orbital data from CelesTrak |
| Share of documented AI supercomputer power | 0.5% | 2025 | 9th of 36 | Epoch AI |
| People using the internet | 100% | 2024 | 1st of 182 | World Bank |
| ICT service exports | $2.2 bn | 2024 | 50th of 162 | World Bank |
| ICT service exports, share of service exports | 3.5% | 2024 | 106th of 162 | World Bank |
| Sanctions list entries (US, EU, UK) | 94 | 2026 | 33rd of 181 | US CSL |
Sources for this page
- World Bank IndicatorsGDP, GDP per person, Economic growth, Inflation, Unemployment, Reserves, …
- IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026Debt, Budget balance, Current account
- UN World Population ProspectsPopulation (UN), Births per woman, Median age, Life expectancy
- UNHCR Refugee Data FinderRefugees from, Refugees hosted, Refugees per 1,000
- U.S. Energy Information AdministrationOil output, Oil use, Gas output, Gas use, Dependencies at a glance
- Ember electricity dataElectricity, Low-carbon electricity, Electricity from coal, Electricity from wind and solar
- FAOSTATWheat production, Wheat imports, Maize production, Maize imports, Rice production, Rice imports, …
- Our World in Data CO2CO2 emissions, CO2 per person, CO2 since 1750, Net CO2 imports through trade
- WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0)Water stress
- FAO AQUASTATWater from abroad
- UCDP Georeferenced Event DatasetConflict deaths
- SIPRI Arms Transfers DatabaseArms imports, Arms exports, Dependencies at a glance
- CelesTrak SATCATSatellites in orbit
- Epoch AIAI compute share
- US Consolidated Screening ListSanctions list entries, Sanctions
- UN ComtradeDependencies at a glance
- EU financial sanctions listSanctions
- UK Sanctions ListSanctions
- EuRepoC cyber incidentsCyber incidents
Page last updated 13 Nov 2026How we measure