Refugees
41,620refugees and others in need of protection hosted, 2025
138from it, abroad, 2025
Source: UNHCR Refugee Data Finder2025
Country page · Updated 13 Nov 2026
Estonia
Estonia has 1.4 m people (World Bank, 2025) and an economy of $47 bn a year (World Bank, 2025). It imports all of the gas it uses (EIA, 2024, preliminary).
Written automatically from the figures on this page.
- Population
- 1.4 m (2025)
- Member of
- European Union, NATO, OECD (as of 10 Nov 2026)
Boundaries: Natural Earth 1:50m, which shows who controls an area in practice. Borders shown do not imply endorsement.
- GDPUS$47.0billion101st of 186World Bank · 2025
- Population1.4million157th of 216World Bank · 2025
- GDP per personUS$34,41835th of 186World Bank · 2025
- Military, % GDP3.4% of GDP16th of 150World Bank · 2025
- CO2 per person6.1t52nd of 213Global Carbon Budget · 2024
Dependencies at a glance
Estonia imports all of the gas it uses; it exports wheat.
Imports mostImports someLow net tradeExporter
| Resource | Dependence | Position | Main partners |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oil | Low net trade | Imports 11% of the oil it uses PreliminaryEIA, use 2025 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025, Lithuania → Estonia as reported by the exporter | Lithuania, Poland, Netherlands |
| Natural gas | Imports most | Imports all of the gas it uses PreliminaryEIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | Latvia, United States, Lithuania |
| Wheat | Exporter | Exports 70% of what it producesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023 | Cameroon, Latvia, Lithuania (buyers) |
| Maize | Imports most | Imports all of the maize it usesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023 | Russia, Lithuania, Latvia |
| Rice | Imports most | Imports all of the rice it usesFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023 | Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium |
| Soybeans | Exporter | Exports exceed recorded supplyExports can come from an earlier harvest or stocks; FAOSTAT’s yearly figures do not separate themFAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023 | No partner data from the source |
| Potash | Imports most | Imports all of its potash supply EstimateFAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | Morocco, Lithuania, Uzbekistan |
| Phosphate | Imports most | Imports all of its phosphate supply EstimateFAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025 | Morocco, Latvia, Germany |
| Arms | Supplier concentration only | Main supplier: United States, 32% of importsSIPRI, 2021–2025 | United States, Israel, Türkiye |
| Chips | Supplier concentration only | Main supplier: Taiwan, 18% of importsUN Comtrade, 2025 | Taiwan, Malaysia, South Korea |
Dependence is net imports: imports minus exports, as a share of what the country uses; for potash and phosphate, of its supply (production plus net imports). Arms and chips show supplier concentration only: the main supplier’s share of imports (arms: five-year totals of deliveries in SIPRI’s trend-indicator value, SIPRI’s measure of military capability delivered, not price or number of weapons).
- OilLow net trade
Imports 11% of the oil it uses Preliminary
Main partners: Lithuania, Poland, Netherlands
EIA, use 2025 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025, Lithuania → Estonia as reported by the exporter
- Natural gasImports most
Imports all of the gas it uses Preliminary
Main partners: Latvia, United States, Lithuania
EIA, use 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- WheatExporter
Exports 70% of what it produces
Main partners: Cameroon, Latvia, Lithuania (buyers)
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023
- MaizeImports most
Imports all of the maize it uses
Main partners: Russia, Lithuania, Latvia
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023
- RiceImports most
Imports all of the rice it uses
Main partners: Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, imports 2023
- SoybeansExporter
Exports exceed recorded supply
Exports can come from an earlier harvest or stocks; FAOSTAT’s yearly figures do not separate them
Main partners: No partner data from the source
FAOSTAT, use 2024 · FAOSTAT, exports 2023
- PotashImports most
Imports all of its potash supply Estimate
Main partners: Morocco, Lithuania, Uzbekistan
FAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- PhosphateImports most
Imports all of its phosphate supply Estimate
Main partners: Morocco, Latvia, Germany
FAOSTAT, supply 2024 · UN Comtrade, imports 2025
- ArmsSupplier concentration only
Main supplier: United States, 32% of imports
Main partners: United States, Israel, Türkiye
SIPRI, 2021–2025
- ChipsSupplier concentration only
Main supplier: Taiwan, 18% of imports
Main partners: Taiwan, Malaysia, South Korea
UN Comtrade, 2025
Source: EIA; FAOSTAT; SIPRI; UN Comtradeyear in each rowUpdated 13 Nov 2026
Dependencies toolMoney and reserves
Estonia’s economy produced $47 bn in 2025.
GDP, 2000–2025
Source: World Bank Indicators2000–2025Updated 13 Nov 2026
Economic growth0.6%2025 · 168th of 186 · World Bank
Inflation4.8%2025 · 38th of 169 · World Bank
Unemployment8.3%2025 · 49th of 181 · World Bank
ReservesUS$2.07billion2024 · 120th of 164 · World Bank
Trade151% of GDP2024 · 19th of 172 · World Bank
Foreign investment in−US$1.03billion2025 · 192nd of 200 · World Bank
People
Estonia had 1.4 m people in 2025.
Population, 1950–2100
Projection: UN projection, medium variant, after 2023Range between the UN low- and high-fertility scenarios
Source: UN World Population ProspectsUpdated 13 Nov 2026Projection
Estonia’s population by age
1950200020502100
Source: UN World Population Prospects1950–2100Updated 13 Nov 2026Projection
Births per woman1.352023 · 204th of 237 · UN WPP 2024
Median age41.92023 · 39th of 237 · UN WPP 2024
Aged 65 and over22%2025, Projection, medium variant · UN WPP 2024
Technology and space
Satellites owned in Estonia numbered 1 at the end of 2026.
Climate and hazards
Estonia emitted 8.3 Mt of CO2 from fossil fuels and cement in 2024.
Estonia’s CO2 emissions, million tonnes, 1990–2024
Source: Our World in Data CO21990–2024Updated 13 Nov 2026
CO2 emissions8Mt2024 · 118th of 214 · Global Carbon Budget
CO2 per person6.1t2024 · 52nd of 213 · Global Carbon Budget
CO2 since 17501,668Mt2024 · 75th of 214 · Global Carbon Budget
Water stress1.22023 · 98th of 164 · WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0)
More figures
Shown only where a source covers Estonia.
Sanctions
17entries on the US, EU and UK lists give it as an address or nationality: US 13, EU 1 and UK 3
Counts entries (people, companies, ships and aircraft), not how strict the measures are.
Source: US CSL; EU sanctions list; UK Sanctions ListUpdated 13 Nov 2026
Cyber incidents
14publicly known incidents affecting Estonia, 2000–2024
Counts compare documented incidents, not how often a country is targeted. Who they were attributed to
Source: EuRepoC Global Dataset of Cyber Incidents 1.3.2 (4 Mar 2025), CC BY-NC 4.02000–2024
All figures
53 measures on this site have a recent figure for Estonia.
| GDP | $47 bn | 2025 | 101st of 186 | World Bank |
| GDP per person | $34,418 | 2025 | 35th of 186 | World Bank |
| Economic growth | 0.6% | 2025 | 168th of 186 | World Bank |
| Inflation | 4.8% | 2025 | 38th of 169 | World Bank |
| Government debt | 24% | 2025 | 169th of 191 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Government budget balance | −2.0% | 2025 | 81st of 195 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Current account balance | 0.3% | 2025 | 74th of 194 | IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026 |
| Unemployment | 8.3% | 2025 | 49th of 181 | World Bank |
| Reserves, including gold | $2.1 bn | 2024 | 120th of 164 | World Bank |
| Trade | 151% | 2024 | 19th of 172 | World Bank |
| Foreign investment in | −$1.0 bn | 2025 | 192nd of 200 | World Bank |
| Remittances received | 1.2% | 2024 | 107th of 162 | World Bank |
| Population | 1.4 m | 2025 | 157th of 216 | World Bank |
| Population with UN projections | 1.4 m | 2023 | 157th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Births per woman | 1.35 | 2023 | 204th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Median age | 41.9 | 2023 | 39th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Life expectancy | 79.2 | 2023 | 65th of 237 | UN WPP 2024 |
| Refugees from the country | 138 | 2025 | 167th of 206 | UNHCR |
| Refugees and others needing protection, by host | 41,620 | 2025 | 85th of 176 | UNHCR |
| Refugees hosted per 1,000 people | 30.5 | 2025 | 21st of 176 | UNHCR |
| Crude oil production | 0 kb/d | 2025 | 100th of 214 | EIA |
| Oil consumption | 28 kb/d | 2024 | 130th of 212 | EIA |
| Natural gas production | Preliminary | 2024 | 97th of 213 | EIA |
| Natural gas consumption | 0.3 bcm | 2024 | 105th of 213 | EIA |
| Electricity generated | 6 TWh | 2024 | 121st of 193 | Ember |
| Low-carbon electricity | 56% | 2024 | 70th of 193 | Ember |
| Electricity from coal | 0% | 2024 | 82nd of 193 | Ember |
| Electricity from wind and solar | 34% | 2024 | 17th of 193 | Ember |
| Wheat production | 0.7 Mt | 2024 | 58th of 123 | FAOSTAT |
| Wheat imports | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 146th of 180 | FAOSTAT |
| Maize production | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 163rd of 169 | FAOSTAT |
| Maize imports | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 106th of 196 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice production | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 116th of 135 | FAOSTAT |
| Rice imports | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 164th of 197 | FAOSTAT |
| Soybean production | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 103rd of 108 | FAOSTAT |
| Soybean imports | 0.0 Mt | 2024 | 116th of 179 | FAOSTAT |
| Potash fertiliser use | 0.01 Mt | 2024 | 95th of 199 | FAOSTAT |
| Phosphate fertiliser use | 0.01 Mt | 2024 | 105th of 199 | FAOSTAT |
| CO2 emissions | 8 Mt | 2024 | 118th of 214 | Global Carbon Budget |
| CO2 per person | 6.1 t | 2024 | 52nd of 213 | Global Carbon Budget |
| CO2 emitted since 1750 | 1,668 Mt | 2024 | 75th of 214 | Global Carbon Budget |
| Net CO2 imports through trade | 44% | 2023 | 33rd of 120 | Global Carbon Budget |
| Water stress | 1.2 | 2023 | 98th of 164 | WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0) |
| Water from abroad | 1% | 2023 | 122nd of 193 | FAO AQUASTAT |
| Military spending, share of GDP | 3.4% | 2025 | 16th of 150 | World Bank |
| Military spending | $1.6 bn | 2025 | 68th of 150 | World Bank |
| Arms imports | 204 TIV m | 2025 | 38th of 108 | SIPRI |
| Arms exports | 2 TIV m | 2024 | 49th of 50 | SIPRI |
| Satellites in orbit | 1 | 2026 | 64th of 81 | Orbital data from CelesTrak |
| People using the internet | 92% | 2024 | 44th of 182 | World Bank |
| ICT service exports | $3.6 bn | 2024 | 42nd of 162 | World Bank |
| ICT service exports, share of service exports | 26% | 2024 | 16th of 162 | World Bank |
| Sanctions list entries (US, EU, UK) | 17 | 2026 | 94th of 181 | US CSL |
Sources for this page
- World Bank IndicatorsGDP, GDP per person, Economic growth, Inflation, Unemployment, Reserves, …
- IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026Debt, Budget balance, Current account
- UN World Population ProspectsPopulation (UN), Births per woman, Median age, Life expectancy
- UNHCR Refugee Data FinderRefugees from, Refugees hosted, Refugees per 1,000
- U.S. Energy Information AdministrationOil output, Oil use, Gas output, Gas use, Dependencies at a glance
- Ember electricity dataElectricity, Low-carbon electricity, Electricity from coal, Electricity from wind and solar
- FAOSTATWheat production, Wheat imports, Maize production, Maize imports, Rice production, Rice imports, …
- Our World in Data CO2CO2 emissions, CO2 per person, CO2 since 1750, Net CO2 imports through trade
- WRI Aqueduct, accessed on 25 Oct 2026, aqueduct.wri.org (CC BY 4.0)Water stress
- FAO AQUASTATWater from abroad
- SIPRI Arms Transfers DatabaseArms imports, Arms exports, Dependencies at a glance
- CelesTrak SATCATSatellites in orbit
- US Consolidated Screening ListSanctions list entries, Sanctions
- UN ComtradeDependencies at a glance
- EU financial sanctions listSanctions
- UK Sanctions ListSanctions
- EuRepoC cyber incidentsCyber incidents
Page last updated 13 Nov 2026How we measure